The Capital And Recurrent Expenditure On Human Capital...

Juxtaposing the trends in Nigeria’s Capital and Recurrent Expenditures on Human Capital Development (1981-2010) By Alutu, Uzochukwu Uchechukwu (B.Sc) Email: uzlutus@yahoo.com Izilein, Elizabeth I. (Mrs) Ph.D Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Benin, Benin City Email: eiokojie@gmail.com, elizabeth.izilein@uniben.edu, eiokojie@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This paper seeks to compare and contrast various trends in the capital and recurrent expenditure on human capital development in Nigeria between the years 1981 and 2010. The data used for the study are from secondary sources: Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publications, Statistical Bulletins and CBN Annual Reports (various issues). The paper employed a descriptive statistical analysis of trends of government capital and recurrent expenditure on human capital development as well as economic growth using data on Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) as proxy. The findings reveal that government places higher premium on its recurrent expenditure compared to capital expenditure in the education and health sectors. The study recommends government increased funding to the education and health sectors by allocating more to capital expenditures than to recurrent expenditures in order to improve the quality of facilities, materials and equipment in the education and health sectors adequa tely, and enhance their role in the growth process. Key Words: Human Capital Development, Capital and Recurrent Expenditure,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Government Expenditure On Economic Growth1513 Words   |  7 Pagesiteratures on the Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth Thomas Stratmann and Gabriel Okolski (2010) raised questions on the decision of U.S government for spending distinctly when the financial crisis happened in the country. They have made analysis of historical records and made a remark that government spending cannot be an automatic solution for an economic growth even during crisis. Their empirical analysis result showed that government expenditure applied with the expectation of stimulatingRead MoreU.s Overseas Military Presence Activities844 Words   |  4 Pagesactually entail doing? Overseas military presence activities are generally viewed as a subset of the overall class of activities that the US government uses in its efforts to promote important military/security objectives [Dismukes, 1994]. A variety of recurrent, overseas military activities are normally placed under the â€Å"umbrella† concept of military presence. These include but are not limited to US military efforts overseas to train foreign militaries; to impr ove inter-operability of US and friendly forces;Read MoreWhat Are The Impact Of Human Capital Accounting On ShareholdersValue Of Oil And Gas Companies?1405 Words   |  6 PagesHUMAN CAPITAL ACCOUNTING AND SHAREHOLDERS’ VALUE OF LISTED OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA Abstract This study evaluated the effect of human capital accounting on shareholders’ value in oil and gas companies in Nigeria. This is with a view to providing information on how costs incurred on personnel could be identified, measured and disclosed on the statement of financial position of companies as an asset which is the key factor to the successful operation in oil and gas industry. The study madeRead MoreKenya’s Budget Making Process.1537 Words   |  7 Pagesexamples Kenya’s budget making process. A budget is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. 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It is sometimes useful to divide those resources into three main groups: (1) all those free gift of nature, such as land, forests, minerals,etc.,commonly called natural resources and known to economists as LAND; (2) all human resources, mental and physical, both inherited and acquired, which economists call LABOUR;Read MoreGlobal Health Challenges Of India1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe India, which is WHO region, also have health challenges and making the healthy people by some changes in health system and following Millennium Development Goals. The enormous disease burden and more health in equalities and that one in six person in the world are an Indian on the one hand, and the country’s new economics and its logical capital in nation also overseas on the other hand, has created for global health challenge. Global health is nothing but health of populationsRead MoreBudget and Budgetary Control Practices in the College of Technology Education Kumasi13619 Words   |  55 Pagespurpose of attaining a given objective. Oduro (2001) describes budget as a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated and/or expenditure to be incurred during that period and the capital to be employed to attain a given objective. Thus a budge is a quantified, planned course of action over a definitive time period. It is an attempt to estimate inputs and the costs of inputs along with associated outputsRead MoreManagement of Primary and Secondary Education in Nigeria3470 Words   |  14 PagesLibraries for Effective Services in Nigerian Schools — Ayodeji B. Fabunmi..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 63 Crucial Issues in the Management of Primary Education in Nigeria — D. O. Durosaro †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 73 Harnessing the Potentials of Stakeholders in the Development of Nigerian Educational System — O.A. Famade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 81 The Role of the Head Teachers in School Plant Management and Maintenance — J.B. Ayodele †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 93 Provision and Management of Facilities for Primary Education in NigeriaRead MoreAccounting System And The Roman Empire1409 Words   |  6 Pagescomprehensive financial statements in the rule of Emperor Augustus circa 63 BC-14 AD. These statements included information on expenses on â€Å"statistics concerning the provinces and dependent kingdoms; direct and indirect taxation; as well as recurrent expenditures and gifts†, as well as, â€Å"the amounts of cash in the Aerarium†¦and in the hands of the publicani† (Oldroyd, â€Å"The Role†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 1995). The Aerarium was the treasury, and the publicani was the public. These are similar to what the Chinese had because

Victims Of The American Criminal Justice System - 851 Words

Introduction Leading up to now, America has been a place where laws, crimes, and other stipulations have a cause and effect. Since America’s inception as a free land, in this land people are obligated to follow laws and orders directed by the United States Government. However, many follow the laws and become victims of the American Criminal Justice system. Hence, we have people who become victims of wrong convictions. Wrongful conviction is define as a person who is currently serving a sentence via incarceration for a crime they did not commit. After the discovery of innocence, the department of corrections system exonerates them. Moreover, wrongful convictions are prominent and the effects that comes with wrongful convictions in relation to people who are misidentified – that effect lingers and is detrimental (Irazola, Williamson, Stricker, Niedzwiecki 2014). In addition, victims of the justice system who are wrongfully convicted are faced with many challenges. Sometimes, it is difficult for an individual who is convicted wrongfully to reenter back into society because they become bitter and angry while they are behind bars (Irazola et al., 2014). Many factors play a role in wrongful convictions especially in the United States. The two of many contributing factors are eyewitness mistakes and inadmissible confessions that are created and false. Nevertheless, the first 250 cases of wrongful convictions that involved African Americans exonerated 155 out of the 250 cases.Show MoreRelatedRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreThe American Justice System858 Words   |  4 Pagesways is the indigenous justice paradigm in conflict with the principles of the traditional, adversarial American criminal justice system? In what ways do the principles of Native American justice complement more mainstream correctional initiatives? Within the Criminal Justice system, comes a structure of both practices as well as organizations that main role is to uphold not only social jurisdiction, but to discourage and diminish criminal activity. The Criminal Justice system also sanctions thoseRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Punished?1423 Words   |  6 PagesTo Americans, justice is important. When harm is done to most Americans, often victims of harm say they want the juvenile offender to pay for what he/she has done. Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often AmericansRead MoreA Credible Approach For Criminal Convictions981 Words   |  4 Pagescredible approach for individuals and institutions to bring justice, it has done a poor job to properly convict people for criminal acts and instances of violence, and to provide victim’s with satisfaction for due justice. Karakatsanis further evaluates upon the process of convictions in America. For instance, he examines the techniques that help support a court verdict, when he writes, â€Å"For many decades, American courts have allowed criminal convictions based on policing and forensic techniques thatRead MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreThe Articles Of Cullen And Jonson1240 Words   |  5 Pagespunish criminals and how much should they be paid for the punishment. The article explains, 1 in every 100 American adults is behind bar and 1 in 31 is under someone form of correctional control. In the United States there are more than 1.6 million offenders imprisoned in state and federal institutions. Also the incarcerated population surpasses 2.4 million and there more than 828,000 people on parole, so inference there are 7.4 million Americans under the supervision of t he correctional system. ThroughoutRead MoreCrime Is Despicable And That Criminals Are Dangerous People1280 Words   |  6 Pagesus, as young children, may have been taught that crime is abhorrent and that criminals are dangerous people, neglecting to explain why people commit crimes. Those same children may have learned that the criminal justice system -- comprised of law enforcement, the court system, and so on -- were impartial solutions to keep citizens safe and law-abiding. But the truth is, crime isn’t so simple and the criminal justice system may not be as grandiose and good as we were taught. In the final decades ofRead MoreCriminal Justice as Entertainment Essays999 Words   |  4 Pagesprime time shows from the 1960s to the 1990s have centred on subjects of crime or criminal justice, which comprise the biggest single subject matter on television today, across all types of programming (Weigel and Jessor, 1999). Drawing on Carlsons (2001) review of the literature, we observe that these studies have characteristically enclosed five main interconnected areas: knowledge of and information on the system, compliance, rights, police images, and violence and victimization. Every substantiveRead MoreRacial Disparity in Sentencing1728 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Ron McGee September 06, 2010 Abstract In this paper I will illustrate racial disparity in sentencing in the criminal justice system. The causes of racial disparity and the reasons it is on the rise, the research statistics, and the proposed solutions are discussed. Racial Disparity in Sentencing The intersection of racial dynamics with the criminal justice system is one of longstanding duration. In earlier timesRead MoreNew Concepts That Generate Inspiration, Skepticism, Cognitive Shifts, And Derision Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Traditional justice is vastly different from restorative justice as the former focuses on retribution. Indigenous people had a distinct way of approaching justice within their societies, their practice of restorative ways centered on a community approach. Offenders were made to accept responsibility for their deviant actions. The philosophy behind the practice is the community, victim, and offender coming together as one was needed to restore order and all move forward in a positive

Dietary Supplement Free Essays

Dietary Supplement Report Ebony M. Dean SCI/241 January 27, 2013 Joseph Casico Dietary Supplement Report Dietary supplements are vitamins, minerals, herbs and other substances meant to improve your diet. They can come in pill form, capsules, powders and liquids. We will write a custom essay sample on Dietary Supplement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Supplements do not have to go through testing that drugs do. Some supplements can play an important role in your health. For example, pregnant women take the vitamin folic acid to prevent certain birth defects in their babies. Taking any kind of supplements can also be a type of complementary or alternative medicine. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates medicine. A dietary supplement can be sold without research on how well it works. The benefit of taking dietary supplements is that they are designed to augment your daily intake of nutrients. Normally, you should be able to get all the nutrients you need from a well balanced diet. However, taking supplements can provide additional nutrients when your diet is lacking or when certain health conditions cause you to develop an insufficiency or deficiency. Multiple-vitamin supplements provide all the basic vitamins and minerals your body needs. These vitamins are generally safe because they only contain small amounts of each nutrient. Individual nutrients can also be sold as a dietary supplement, but in larger amounts than what’s found in a typical multiple-vitamin. These supplements may be used to treat a simple deficiency, such as an iron deficiency, but sometimes they’re used therapeutically to treat specific health conditions or risk factors. For example, large doses of niacin may be used to raise good cholesterol, and folic acid has been used to reduce the risk of a birth defect called spina bifida. The risk of taking dietary supplements is that some contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects in the body. This could make them unsafe in some situations and hurt or even complicate your health. Using dietary supplements could lead to harmful and even life-threatening consequences such as using supplements with medications whether prescription or over the counter and substituting them for prescriptions medicines. Taking too much of some of these supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and iron. Some supplements can also have unwanted effects before, during, and after surgery. Always inform your health care provider, including your pharmacist about any supplements your taking especially before surgery. The FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients under a different set of regulation than those covering â€Å"conventional† foods and drug products (prescription and Over-the-counter). Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the dietary supplement or dietary ingredient manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement or ingredient is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Manufacturers are required to produce dietary supplements to minimum quality standards and ensure that they do not contain any contaminants or impurities, and are accurately labeled. Generally, manufacturers do not need to register their products with FDA nor get approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Manufacturers must make sure that product label information is truthful and not misleading. The manufacturers are required to report all serious dietary supplement related adverse events or illnesses to the FDA as of December 2007. The FDA can take dietary supplements off the market if they are found to be unsafe, adulterated, or if the claims on the products are false and misleading. Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and spinach. Folic acid is used for preventing and treating low blood levels of folic acid as well as its complications, including â€Å"tired blood’ (anemia) and the inability of the bowel to absorb nutrients properly. Folic acid is also used for other conditions commonly associated with folic acid deficiency, including ulcerative colitis, liver disease, alcoholism, and kidney dialysis. Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent miscarriage and birth defects such as spina bifida that occur when the fetus’s spine and back don’t close during development. Folic acid is likely safe for most people. Most adults do not experience an aide effects when consuming the recommended amount each day, which is 400 mcg. High doses of folic acid might cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rash, sleep disorders, irritability, confusion, nausea, stomach upset, behaviors changes, skin reactions, seizures, gas, and excitability. There is some concern that taking too much folic acid for a long period of time might cause serious side effects. Some research suggests that taking folic acid in doses of 800-1200 mcg might increase the risk of heart attack in people who have heart problems. Other research suggests that taking these high doses might also increase the risk of cancer such as lung or prostate cancer. For folic acid deficiency: the typical dose is 250-1000 mcg per day. For preventing neural tube defects: at least 400 mcg of folic acid per day from supplements or fortified food should be taken by women capable of becoming pregnant and continued through the first month of pregnancy. Women with a history of previous pregnancy complicated by neural tude defects usually take 4 mg per day beginning one month before and continuing for three months after conception. References: www. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements www. wedmd. com/dietarysupplements www. fda. gov/food/dietarysupplements How to cite Dietary Supplement, Essay examples

Meeting Ethical Challenges of Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Meeting Ethical Challenges of Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership in the simplest words is both a research and practical skill which encompasses the ability of an individual to lead, guide, motivate, influence and push the organization, teams or the employees towards the fulfilment of the organizational goals and objectives. Leadership is extremely critical to the organization and leaders are the prime force responsible to take the organization at the Zenith of its industry (Bolman Deal, 2017). The purpose of the essay here is to discuss the importance of flexibility and adaptability in leadership pertaining to different circumstances an organization faces in its entire journey. In the past, plethoras of business and political leaders have changed their leadership style to better accommodate the goals of the organization or the country (Northouse, 2018). It is often said and seen that leaders have to be highly flexible and adaptable to the changing circumstances for the larger interest of the goals of the organization. Steve Jobs in his initial days was seen as a task master, who did not care about the employees and was focussed solely on the deliverables of the employee, this put him under a lot of criticism from the board and his employees (Goleman, 2018).However, during his second journey with Apple, he realized he has to change and adapt to the new ways of leadership for the overall development of the organization and his personality. It is often seen that leaders who are full of themselves and think that they know everything much better than everyone else falls hard on the ground(Ward, 2016). On the contrary, leaders who are flexible, participative in their styles, learn from the changing situation and adapt accordingly are proven to be far successful than others. A number of management authors and experts after thorough analysi s on leadership styles have commented that it is always better to have more than one tool in the toolkit; flexibility and adaptability are additional tools (Antonakis Day, 2017). Impact of flexibility and adaptability in Leadership The above mentioned argument is strongly supported by the situational theory of leadership which gives strong notions that no leadership style is the best, it all depends on the situation at hand and which type of leadership style can be best applied to the situation to get the expected result. The theory further propounds saying that the most effective leaders are the ones who are able to adapt their style to the changing situation, pick cues for the type of task, and understand the group cohesion and other factors which might contribute to the success of the job (Heifetz Linsky, 2017). Situational leadership is also referred to as Hershey-Blanchard situational leadership theory. According to the theory he has characterized the style into primary four styles of leadership. The first one is Telling, in this leader tells the people what has to be done and how exactly it has to be done. The second style is of selling; in this style leaders sell their ideas to their followers. The thir d style being participative in nature, in this leaders give less of direction and allow the flow of ideas from the employees, empowering employees significantly help the company in bringing the entire company together. The fourth style of leadership is delegating in nature, this involves the group members to take accountability and responsibility of their own actions. According to the theory a more telling style is needed at the beginning of the project as the followers are less involved thus have less responsibility towards the project. As and when the employees become accustomed to the project, the style is more delegating in nature, and they can take and make their own decision for the project, implying that the leadership style adopted from being telling in the initial stage to being delegative in the later stage. The situation approach also helps the leaders to avoid any pitfalls of the single styled leadership style, by assessing the situation and the environment; they can e asily overcome the obstacle by changing their leadership style (Renz Herman, 2016). The leaders can benefit tremendously by adopting flexible style of leadership. One of the main benefits is overcoming challenges by continuous learning. Every team and organization in its journey to become the best is encountered by plethora of challenges, which must be handled with due diligence to crush and move past them. In such scenario, the best strategy the leader can use is to sit back and see what is working and what is not working in the favour (DuBrin, 2015). Through the concept of learning agility the leader can bring all its people together on a common platform ask for their feedback, assess their performance, coach them and learn about what strategy works best for the organization. Doing this, the leader can adapt to the situation and change his leadership style to match the new strategy of the organization. Jack Welch at GE was pioneer in introducing the learning agility program which set the base for its success in the past and the future (Johnston Marshall, 2016). Strategic planning is significant, crucial and critical to every organization, however the chances that the initial plan leads to the desired result is extremely low. Thus, the leaders must be flexible to adapt the plan to the changed circumstances (Tourish, 2014). The present state of the world is dynamic, with the infusion of digital marketing, customers have a lot of control on the information available on the internet, thus the leaders have to be on their feet at all times, and change according to the changing dynamics of the market and the industry in general. A rigid mentality will lead to nothing but failure and disappointment, the recent example of this is the case of Nokia. The leadership was absolutely rigid about the changing landscape of the mobile phone industry, and they were focussed on the past success strategy of Nokia, the lack of innovation, inability to adapt to the changing circumstances was the reason for the failure once upon a time the most famous company on t he face of planet earth(Kornives, 2016). Thus, it is really important that leaders are extremely flexible in their approach, more so in the present times when the world is changing rapidly and plethora of disruptions are making their way every single day. A lost opportunity is worth a millions of dollars, reinstating the argument that leadership style has to be really adaptive and flexible to the changing circumstances (Collinson, 2014). Daniel Goleman, an expert in the field of Emotional intelligence and leadership in the year 2016 outlines 6 major leadership style and pointed out that none of the style with utmost surety can be said are the best. According to Daniel, a democratic style might fit in a particular scenario, while a command style might be a better fitment in the situation of crisis. Thus, there is no way possible that one leadership style can help the leader or organization sail through the entire journey. One has to be highly adaptive and flexible in order to make the most out of the changing circumstances and situation. Effective leaders always have to be in tune with the changing business environment in order to make the organization move in the right strategic direction, in the absence of adaptability and flexibility the organization can easily fall into the trap of redundancy thus losing its position of strength and competitive edge to a competitor. Leaders have the responsibility of evaluating th e information available to them, use their own sources to get to the bottom of any issue and then make changes in their style to accommodate the best strategy for further growth and development of the organization. The only argument against the notion can be that leaders have to demonstrate perseverance in their act to achieve the goals; this however will yield more productive result if leader is adaptable and flexible to achieve the set goals. Leadership can thus the art of knowing when to stand firm and when to be flexible. Number of experts in their journal on leadership has mentioned that in all there are three factors which decide the type of leadership in a particular situation. The first one being that leadership has to be adjusted according to the competency of the employees, a low competent employee needs more guidance from the leadership to excel in his job duties, and vice versa (Lussier Achua, 2015). The second one being the commitment level the employees have on the company and the leadership. Thirdly, the style of leadership which is finally adopted by the leader would also be affected by the ability of the leaders to provide such changeable leadership. A recent example of developing flexibility and adaptability in the leadership style is the current visionary and the one of the greatest leader of present times, Jeff Bezos. Jeff who started off with the idea of Amazon in the year 1994 grew from a dozen of employees delivering books to more than 500,000 people selling almost everything in almost 180 countries. The journey was definitely an inspiring one for the youth and the business leaders and experts. Jeff leadership style in the start of his journey with Amazon was absolutely crude, or as some people call it rough, brutal and raw, he faced a lot of flak due to his leadership style (Johnson, 2017). The company was facing a lot of troubles due to high employee turnover and in a number of exit interviews employees mentioned that they are leaving the company because of Jeffs leadership style. Jeff Bezos so was engaged in being customer-centric that he completely forgot about the core strength of Amazon, its employees. Jeff was really smart at picking up the cues and transformed his leadership style. He started valuing the employees and appreciated and motivated them whenever it was necessary, he realized the importance of building a company together. In one of his recent interviews he mentioned about the change in his leadership style as one of the reasons for the success of Amazon. The above real life example is self-explanatory towards the importance of practicing flexibility and adaptability in leadership (Verba, 2015). Leaders have to ensure that they engage the employees in the daily activities of the organization and empower them by making them liable for their own actions; they have to ensure that even the lowest employee in the food chain is highly motivated and feels strong connection with the employee (Cashman, 2017). Ensuring all this is definitely not easy when the leader has so many important things to do in a limited time thus comes flexibility and adaptability in the picture. Leader has to understand the circumstance and then distribute his time towards different activities, be flexible and not rigid in talking to the employees when they need the most. According to one of the recent study conducted by Harvard Business School, it was founded that leaders who keeps on bringing changes in their leadership style have a lot to contribute to the organization. They are not bounded by the elementary thinking, are high risk takers and a peoples person, flexibility and adaptability just adds feath er in their cap and help them in taking the organization to the envisioned heights. An analogy which explains the above mentioned argument, a flexible and adapting leader is like a train, which keeps on adjusting its speed according to the approaching station and the distance to be covered, leaders in the same way have to adapt to different styles and be flexible in their business conduct in changing circumstances (Beck Cowan, 2014). Conclusion To conclude, there are no two notions that the art of effective leadership results out of flexibility and adaptability to different situation. No two situations are same, thus it will be absolutely imbecile to use the same leadership style in every situation. A cogent leader is one who correctly assesses the situation and the business environment and makes a right call depending on the severity of the situation, and by moulding his leadership style. It is impossible to comment which leadership style is the best, but it can be easily said that leadership has to be a synergy of two or many styles to better accommodate the mission and vision of the organization and take the company on the path of increased business momentum ensuring sustainability at all times. References Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014). Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Cashman, K. (2017). Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Collinson, D. (2014). Dichotomies, dialectics and dilemmas: New directions for critical leadership studies?. Leadership, 10(1), 36-55. DuBrin, A. J. (2015). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goleman, D. (2017). Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Heifetz, R., Linsky, M. (2017). Leadership on the Line, With a New Preface: Staying Alive Through the Dangers of Change. Harvard Business Press. Johnson, C. E. (2017). Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016). Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Komives, S. R. (2016). Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley Sons. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P. G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Renz, D. O., Herman, R. D. (Eds.). (2016). The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Tourish, D. (2014). Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory. Leadership, 10(1), 79-98. Verba, S. (2015). Small groups and political behavior: A study of leadership. Princeton University Press. Ward, J. (2016). Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer.